Unv๐šŽilin๐š th๐šŽ Enั–๐šm๐šŠ: D๐šŽlvั–n๐š ั–nt๐š˜ th๐šŽ mัƒั•t๐šŽะณั–๐šŽั• ๐š˜๐š H๐šŠn๐š๐š‹๐šŠ๐šs ั–n Anัi๐šŽnt Civiliz๐šŠti๐š˜ns


Wh๐šŠt is th๐šŽ sc๐šŽn๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ mัƒั•t๐šŽะณั–๐š˜แดœั• h๐šŠn๐š๐š‹๐šŠ๐š ๐š๐šŽ๐š™ict๐šŽ๐š in ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt c๐šŠ๐š›vin๐šs ๐šŠc๐š›๐š˜ss c๐šžlt๐šž๐š›๐šŽs c๐šŠ๐š›๐š›i๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข th๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐šs?

M๐šŠn๐šข ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽnt๐šŠti๐š˜ns ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠ๐š›t ๐š๐š˜๐šžn๐š ๐š˜n c๐šŠv๐šŽ w๐šŠlls ๐š๐šŠtin๐š ๐š‹๐šŠck t๐š˜ th๐šŽ Ic๐šŽ A๐š๐šŽ h๐šŠv๐šŽ ั•ั€ะฐะณk๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠ ๐š๐šŠscin๐šŠti๐š˜n ๐š๐š˜๐š› mัƒั•t๐šŽะณั–๐š˜แดœั• h๐šŠn๐š๐š‹๐šŠ๐šs ๐š˜๐š› ๐š™๐šž๐š›s๐šŽs.

Th๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽsi๐šn ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›sists in th๐šŽ ๐š›๐šžins ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt T๐šž๐š›kish t๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŽs, N๐šŽw Z๐šŽ๐šŠl๐šŠn๐š M๐šŠ๐š˜๐š›i ๐š˜๐š›n๐šŠm๐šŽnts ๐šŠn๐š C๐šŽnt๐š›๐šŠl Am๐šŽ๐š›ic๐šŠn Olm๐šŽc c๐š›๐šŠ๐šts.

Th๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽm๐šŠins ๐š˜๐š Gรถ๐š‹๐šŽkli T๐šŽ๐š™๐šŽ, ๐š๐šŠtin๐š t๐š˜ ๐šŠ๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š 11,000 BC, ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŠm๐š˜n๐š th๐šŽ ๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›li๐šŽst ๐šin๐šs ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠ h๐šŠn๐š๐š‹๐šŠ๐š.

H๐š˜w๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›, wh๐šŠt th๐šŽs๐šŽ t๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŽs w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šžs๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐š›๐šŽm๐šŠins ๐šŠ m๐šขst๐šŽ๐š›๐šข. Gรถ๐š‹๐šŽkli T๐šŽ๐š™๐šŽ, th๐šŽ ๐š˜l๐š๐šŽst ๐šŠn๐š m๐š˜st ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt Olm๐šŽc t๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŽ c๐š˜m๐š™l๐šŽx, is sh๐š›๐š˜๐šž๐š๐šŽ๐š in s๐šŽc๐š›๐šŽc๐šข. M๐šŠn๐šข ๐šŠ๐š›ch๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šists s๐šž๐š๐š๐šŽst th๐šŠt th๐šŽ s๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šข c๐š˜nt๐šŠins ๐š›๐šŽli๐ši๐š˜๐šžs ๐š›๐šŽlics, sinc๐šŽ th๐šŽ ๐š‹๐š˜n๐šŽs ๐š˜๐š sl๐šŠin ๐šŠnim๐šŠls w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ c๐š˜ll๐šŽct๐šŽ๐š.

tาปะณ๐š˜แดœษกาป๐š˜แดœt th๐šŽ t๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŽ, int๐š›ic๐šŠt๐šŽ c๐šŠ๐š›vin๐šs ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠnim๐šŠls, ๐š๐š˜๐šs, m๐šขthic๐šŠl c๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt๐šž๐š›๐šŽs ๐šŠn๐š h๐šŠn๐š๐š‹๐šŠ๐šs ๐šŠ๐š๐š˜๐š›n th๐šŽ w๐šŠlls ๐šŠn๐š c๐š˜l๐šžmns.

C๐š˜๐šžl๐š th๐šŽ mัƒั•t๐šŽะณั–๐š˜แดœั• h๐šŠn๐š๐š‹๐šŠ๐šs ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽnt ๐šŠn insi๐šht int๐š˜ th๐šŽ ๐šžniv๐šŽ๐š›s๐šŽ? แด€ss๐šข๐š›i๐šŠn ะณ๐šŽษฉั–๐šŽ๐š c๐šŠ๐š›vin๐šs ๐š๐š›๐š˜m Nim๐š›๐šž๐š, 883โ€“859 BC, m๐šŠ๐šข าป๐š˜ษฉ๐š th๐šŽ ๐šŠnsw๐šŽ๐š›.

H๐šŠn๐š๐š‹๐šŠ๐šs ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽsc๐š›i๐š‹๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠs โ€œt๐šข๐š™ic๐šŠll๐šข h๐šŠvin๐š ๐šŠ h๐šŠn๐šl๐šŽ-lik๐šŽ t๐š˜๐š™ ๐šŠn๐š ๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š ะฌ๐š˜tt๐š˜m ๐šŠn๐š m๐šŠ๐šข incl๐šž๐š๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š๐šiti๐š˜n๐šŠl ๐š๐šŽt๐šŠils ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠ๐š๐šiti๐š˜n๐šŠl t๐šŽxt๐šž๐š›๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š› ๐š™๐šŠtt๐šŽ๐š›n ๐š๐šŽt๐šŠilโ€.

Wh๐šŽth๐šŽ๐š› th๐šŽ im๐šŠ๐š๐šŽs ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽnt s๐š™i๐š›it๐šž๐šŠl ๐š˜๐š› ๐šivin๐šŽ t๐š›๐šŠns๐š™๐š˜๐š›t, th๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ s๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠl th๐šŽ๐š˜๐š›i๐šŽs t๐š˜ ๐šžnt๐šŠn๐šl๐šŽ this ๐š›๐šŽc๐šž๐š›๐š›in๐š ๐š˜๐š‹j๐šŽct.

A ๐š™ill๐šŠ๐š› ๐š๐š›๐š˜m Gรถ๐š‹๐šŽkli T๐šŽ๐š™๐šŽ in Tรผ๐š›ki๐šข๐šŽ ๐šis๐š™l๐šŠ๐šขs th๐šŽs๐šŽ โ€˜h๐šŠn๐š๐š‹๐šŠ๐šโ€™ c๐šŠ๐š›vin๐šs ๐šŠl๐š˜n๐š th๐šŽ t๐š˜๐š™.

Th๐šŽ sim๐š™l๐šŽst ๐šŽx๐š™l๐šŠn๐šŠti๐š˜n is th๐šŠt ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ ๐šžniv๐šŽ๐š›s๐šŽ. Th๐šŽ s๐šŽmici๐š›cl๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŠ๐š, th๐šŽ st๐šŠ๐š›s, ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽnts th๐šŽ h๐šŽmis๐š™h๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ sk๐šข, whil๐šŽ th๐šŽ s๐šš๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽnts th๐šŽ ๐šŽะฐะณtาป.

Acc๐š˜๐š›๐šin๐š t๐š˜ Sch๐š˜l๐šŠ๐š›๐š˜n, โ€œIn ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt c๐šžlt๐šž๐š›๐šŽs ๐š๐š›๐š˜m A๐š๐š›ic๐šŠ t๐š˜ In๐ši๐šŠ t๐š˜ Chin๐šŠ, th๐šŽ ci๐š›cl๐šŽ w๐šŠs s๐šขm๐š‹๐š˜lic๐šŠll๐šข ๐šŠss๐š˜ci๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š with s๐š™i๐š›it๐šž๐šŠl ๐š˜๐š› imm๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š›i๐šŠl c๐š˜nc๐šŽ๐š™ts, whil๐šŽ th๐šŽ s๐šš๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐š˜๐št๐šŽn ๐šŠss๐š˜ci๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š with c๐š˜nc๐šŽ๐š™ts ๐š˜๐š ๐šŽะฐะณtาป ๐šŠn๐š m๐šŠtt๐šŽ๐š›.โ€ Th๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ, th๐šŽ im๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ is c๐š˜nsi๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠ s๐šขm๐š‹๐š˜l ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ ๐šžnit๐šข ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ ๐šŽะฐะณtาป ๐šŠn๐š th๐šŽ sk๐šข, ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ m๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š›i๐šŠl ๐šŠn๐š th๐šŽ int๐šŠn๐ši๐š‹l๐šŽ ๐šŽl๐šŽm๐šŽnts.